Ambient air pollutants originate from various sources including industrial activities, transportation, and natural processes, and pose significant threats to both human health and the environment.

These air pollutants encompass a range of substances, such as particulate matter (PM), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). They can have diverse origins and impacts. For instance, PM, emitted from combustion processes and industrial activities, can penetrate deep into the lungs, leading to respiratory issues and cardiovascular problems. NO2, primarily released from vehicle emissions and combustion processes, contributes to the formation of smog and can exacerbate respiratory ailments.